1. Introduction

Conducted under the WTO’s Trade Policy Review Mechanism, the exercise enables member countries to periodically assess each other’s trade policies, promoting transparency, predictability and informed dialogue rather than judging compliance.

India’s review attracted significant participation from WTO members, reflecting the increasing global interest in the country’s economic transformation, expanding market size and rising influence in international commerce. The discussions also provided an opportunity for India to explain its recent policy initiatives, respond to members’ concerns and highlight its contribution to strengthening the multilateral trading system.

2. Origin and Intent

India’s delegation was led by Commerce Secretary Rajesh Agarwal, who emphasised that economic reforms remain an ongoing process aimed at supporting sustainable growth while ensuring greater integration with the global economy. He reiterated that India’s trade and investment policies are designed to remain transparent, predictable and consistent with WTO principles, while addressing the developmental priorities of a large and diverse economy.

During the review, India highlighted several policy initiatives undertaken in recent years, including tariff rationalisation, customs modernisation, digitalisation of trade procedures and measures to improve the ease of doing business. These reforms have simplified cross-border trade, reduced transaction costs and strengthened India’s participation in global value chains.

The delegation also underlined the importance of India’s expanding Free Trade Agreement (FTA) strategy, which seeks to diversify export markets, improve market access for Indian businesses and attract foreign investment. It noted that India’s growing manufacturing capabilities, services sector and large domestic market continue to position the country as an important driver of global demand and economic growth.

3. Key Issues Raised by WTO Members

India’s Eighth Trade Policy Review witnessed broad participation, with 68 WTO members making interventions during the two review sessions and 44 members submitting 1,094 written questions on various aspects of India’s trade, investment and regulatory framework. The discussions reflected the increasing global interest in India’s economic reforms and trade policies.

Responding to the questions, Commerce Secretary Rajesh Agarwal reiterated that India’s policy framework is guided by WTO-consistent principles while balancing the developmental needs of a large developing economy. He emphasised that trade reforms remain an ongoing process aimed at improving competitiveness, facilitating investment and supporting inclusive growth.

While acknowledging India’s recent reforms, several WTO members sought clarifications on tariff structures, agricultural support measures, market access, regulatory practices and other trade-related policies. India explained that its measures are consistent with WTO obligations and are designed to support economic development while maintaining a fair and transparent trading environment.

Members also appreciated India’s progress in developing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), which has strengthened digital governance, financial inclusion and public service delivery through initiatives such as digital identity and digital payment systems. India’s efforts to modernise customs procedures, adopt paperless documentation and improve trade facilitation were recognised for reducing compliance costs and improving the efficiency of cross-border trade.

The review further acknowledged India’s vibrant startup ecosystem, innovation-driven growth and initiatives to integrate Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) into global value chains. WTO members also welcomed India’s acceptance of the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, recognising its significance in promoting sustainable fisheries while safeguarding the interests of fishing communities.

India also highlighted ongoing reforms in logistics, intellectual property protection, investment facilitation and women’s economic empowerment. Referring to the principle of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (“The world is one family”), the delegation reaffirmed India’s support for a transparent, inclusive and resilient multilateral trading system based on cooperation and shared prosperity.

4. Impact

The successful completion of India’s Eighth Trade Policy Review reinforces the country’s credibility as a responsible stakeholder in the multilateral trading system. The extensive engagement by WTO members reflects growing confidence in India’s economic reforms and its expanding contribution to global trade and investment.

The review has the potential to strengthen investor confidence by highlighting India’s focus on regulatory transparency, customs reforms and a predictable business environment. Continued improvements in digital infrastructure, logistics and trade facilitation can further enhance India’s attractiveness as a manufacturing and investment destination while supporting the government’s objective of increasing exports.

5. Conclusion

India’s Eighth Trade Policy Review underscores the country’s continued efforts to align domestic economic priorities with its commitments under the multilateral trading system. The review offered an opportunity to present India’s progress in customs modernisation, trade facilitation, digital governance and investment reforms, while engaging constructively with WTO members on issues relating to tariffs, market access and regulatory policies.

As global trade continues to evolve amid geopolitical uncertainties, supply chain realignments and changing economic priorities, India’s role in supporting an open, transparent and rules-based trading system is becoming increasingly significant. Going forward, continued policy reforms, greater integration into global value chains and active participation in WTO discussions will be essential for enhancing India’s competitiveness and expanding export opportunities.

The successful completion of the review reaffirms India’s commitment to the WTO framework while strengthening its position as an influential participant in shaping a more inclusive, resilient and sustainable global trading system.